Question 1

When a quantitative variable is divided into categories:

Accepted Answer

A)   precision is reduced
B)   the basis for dividing is usually hard to defend
C)   both A and B
D)   neither A nor BE) A) and B)
F) C) and D) C

Question 2

The most threats to the internal validity of a causal-comparative study occur in:

Accepted Answer

A)   studies exploring causes of group membership
B)   studies exploring consequences of group membership
C)   studies exploring consequences of an intervention
D)   studies comparing biologically determined groupsE) A) and B)
F) None of the above C

Question 3

The most commonly used statistical inference test in causal-comparative studies is a t test for differences between means.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

A comparison of delinquents vs. nondelinquents might be made in order to:

Accepted Answer

A)   determine probable factors leading to delinquency
B)   predict future behavior of delinquents
C)   test a theory on the development of delinquency
D)   all of the aboveE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Causal-comparative research is interested in exploring the cause or consequences of differences that already exist among groups of individuals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In a causal-comparative study, comparison groups:

Accepted Answer

A)   are set up by the researcher
B)   are already in existence
C)   are obtained by random assignment
D)   cannot exceed three in numberE) C) and D)
F) All of the above B

Question 7

Most causal-comparative studies begin with:

Accepted Answer

A)   measurement of the dependent variable
B)   assignment of subjects to treatment groups
C)   known differences among two or more groups
D)   measurement of the independent variableE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

Causal-comparative studies wherein all variables are categorical:

Accepted Answer

A)   are impossible
B)   are of little value
C)   require a large number of variables
D)   are relatively infrequent in educationE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

Matching
-Correlational research

Accepted Answer

A)   ex post facto research
B)   Manipulation of independent variable
C)   Prediction using quantitative variables
D)   Net worth
E)   EthnicityF) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

Question 10

Causal-comparative studies are conducted when experimentation is:

Accepted Answer

A)   too expensive
B)   impossible
C)   unethical
D)   all of the aboveE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

The major threat to internal validity in a causal-comparative study is:

Accepted Answer

A)   location
B)   subject characteristics
C)   data collector bias
D)   instrument decayE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 12

One way of providing some control in a causal-comparative research design is to:

Accepted Answer

A)   match the subjects in the groups to be compared on as many extraneous variables as possible
B)   list all of the subjects from the population under study and randomly assign them to experimental and control groups
C)   do a pilot study before carrying out the main research
D)   obtain measurements on an additional dependent variableE) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 13

Evaluating specific threats to internal validity in a causal-comparative study involves all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)   identifying factors related to the variable(s)  on which groups are compared
B)   determining whether each factor is controlled by random assignment
C)   judging whether comparison groups are likely to differ on these factors
D)   prioritizing the seriousness of identified threatsE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

Causal-comparative research establishes cause and effect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The major threat to the internal validity of a causal-comparative study is the possibility of a subject characteristics threat.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Matching
-Categorical variable

Accepted Answer

A)   ex post facto research
B)   Manipulation of independent variable
C)   Prediction using quantitative variables
D)   Net worth
E)   EthnicityF) B) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 17

Causal-comparative research is so named because:

Accepted Answer

A)   it is a way of exploring cause-effect relationships
B)   it is the most effective method of determining cause and effect
C)   it is intended only to explain reasons for group membership
D)   it systematically alters causes in order to study their effectsE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Which of the following hypotheses can only be studied by using the causal-comparative method?

Accepted Answer

A)   Participation in a values clarification program will improve self-esteem.
B)   Girls have higher self-esteem than boys.
C)   Students high in self-esteem achieve higher grades when they attend college.
D)   Self-esteem decreases between ages 8 and 18.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

The appropriate statistical procedure when all variables are categorical is the:

Accepted Answer

A)   scatterplot
B)   crossbreak table
C)   frequency polygon
D)   correlation coefficientE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 20

Which of the following is not possible in causal-comparative research?

Accepted Answer

A)   Use of comparison groups
B)   Random assignment to treatment or comparison groups
C)   Measurement
D)   ObservationE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Exam 16: Causal-Comparative Research

When a quantitative variable is divided into categories:

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The most threats to the internal validity of a causal-comparative study occur in:

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The most commonly used statistical inference test in causal-comparative studies is a t test for differences between means.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A comparison of delinquents vs. nondelinquents might be made in order to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Causal-comparative research is interested in exploring the cause or consequences of differences that already exist among groups of individuals.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a causal-comparative study, comparison groups:

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Most causal-comparative studies begin with:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Causal-comparative studies wherein all variables are categorical:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Matching -Correlational research

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Causal-comparative studies are conducted when experimentation is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The major threat to internal validity in a causal-comparative study is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One way of providing some control in a causal-comparative research design is to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evaluating specific threats to internal validity in a causal-comparative study involves all of the following except:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Causal-comparative research establishes cause and effect.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The major threat to the internal validity of a causal-comparative study is the possibility of a subject characteristics threat.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Matching -Categorical variable

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Causal-comparative research is so named because:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following hypotheses can only be studied by using the causal-comparative method?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The appropriate statistical procedure when all variables are categorical is the:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not possible in causal-comparative research?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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B

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