Question 1

In detail, the elegant fold and flow patterns developed in deformed rock are achieved by_________ .

Accepted Answer

A)   a single application of a complex set of stresses
B)   an ongoing combined effect of: distortion, sliding, and rotation of individual mineral grains
C)   very rapid application of two or more strains
D)   Earth's "Great Laundress"E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 2

Name two examples of manmade construction or engineering works which require knowledge of, and adaption to, bedrock structures and associated zones of weakness?

Accepted Answer

bridges, hydroelectric dams, mines, nuclear power plants, pipelines, railroads, and roads

Question 3

Since the San Andreas fault started moving about 29 million years ago it has moved a total distance of 560 kilometres. How many centimetres does it move per year on average?

Accepted Answer

A)   5.18 cm/yr
B)   0.518 cm/yr
C)   0.193 cm/yr
D)   1.93 cm/yrE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 4

List two familiar substances that exhibit brittle behaviour and two other substances that exhibit ductile behaviour under ordinary strain rates (conditions).

Accepted Answer

brittle: china, bone...

Question 5

Which one of the following statements regarding rock deformation and strength is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rupture and plastic deformation occur when stresses and strain rates exceed the elastic limit of a material.
B)   Elastic deformation is accomplished through internal flow of material.
C)   Rocks undergo plastic deformation less readily as temperatures and pressures increase.
D)   When rocks are subjected to stress for long time spans, very small, plastic deformations accumulate to produce large, permanent, elastic deformations.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 6

What is the cause of most earthquakes?

Accepted Answer

A)   sudden movements from elastic strain release and rupture along pre- existing faults on or near to plate boundaries
B)   folding deep under active mountain belts
C)   nuclear weapons tests in secret underground locations
D)   volcanic eruptionsE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Broad upwarps in the basement rock may deform the overlying sedimentary cover strata to generate large elliptical to circular folds called___________ .

Accepted Answer

A)   anticlines
B)   doubly plunging synclines
C)   domes
D)   monoclinesE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 8

When do rocks deform?

Accepted Answer

A)   when they are quarried or mined, otherwise they are too strong to break under natural conditions
B)   whenever they are subjected to stresses or strain rates which exceed their own strength
C)   after their bonds weaken when they get really old
D)   only during major earthquakesE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

Which one of the following is true for anticlines but not for synclines?

Accepted Answer

A)   Some may be asymmetric and some may have plunging axes.
B)   After erosion, the younger strata are exposed along the axial region of the fold.
C)   The deeper strata are buckled upward along the fold axis.
D)   The limbs dip or are inclined towards the fold axis.E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 10

The Great Rift Valley of East Africa is characterized by____________ .

Accepted Answer

A)   mainly transform faulting along zones connecting the rift with the Red Sea
B)   a belt of anticlinal and synclinal folding formed by Africa's collision with Madagascar
C)   a valley formed from a series of grabens, nearly 6000 km long and flanked by tilted horsts, formed mainly by normal faulting as East Africa begins to split apart
D)   mainly thrust faulting as Africa collides with ArabiaE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 11

When measuring the orientation of a planar structure in rocks the dip direction is measured_______________to the strike

Accepted Answer

A)   backwards
B)   at 90 degrees
C)   parallel
D)   sidewaysE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

A______ is a prominent angular ridge formed by the differential erosion of tilted, alternating hard and soft strata.

Accepted Answer

A)   scarp face
B)   wadi
C)   hogback
D)   mesaE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Which one of the following best describes the geology of the Black Hills region in South Dakota?

Accepted Answer

A)   a large graben deeply eroded by Pleistocene glaciers
B)   an elongate upwarped dome between the Cheyenne and Belle Fourche Rivers, flanked by hogbacks of the Dakota Sandstone and cored by older crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks
C)   an eroded syncline with Cretaceous and Tertiary younger, sedimentary strata in the axial region, and older, metamorphic rocks around the margins
D)   a basin filled with folded, sedimentary rocks and thick Precambrian coal bedsE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

Most high angle reverse faults_________ in regions dominated by other types of faulting.

Accepted Answer

A)   occur where tectonic stresses frequently switch back an forth
B)   occur in local zones of crustal extension
C)   exist at the very largest scales and delineate the edges of most major mountain belts
D)   are small and accommodate local displacements of a few metresE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 15

___________are the products of horizontally directed, tensional stresses.

Accepted Answer

A)   Reverse faults
B)   Thrust faults
C)   Crustal thickening
D)   Normal faultsE) B) and C)
F) None of the above D

Question 16

What are the three types of differential stress in the Earth's lithosphere?

Accepted Answer

A)   compression, shear, and tension
B)   hydrostatic, lithostatic, and vibratory
C)   confined, unconfined, and directed
D)   upwards, downwards, and sidewaysE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 17

How does elastic deformation of rocks differ from brittle or plastic deformation?

Accepted Answer

A)   It only happens to rocks that can bounce .
B)   It is reversible or recoverable and when the stress is removed, the rocks snap back to their original shape or position.
C)   It can only occur once and never happens in cycles.
D)   It only occurs are very fast or high strain rates.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 18

Belts of ____________in layered sedimentary rocks are evidence for horizontal compression and shortening.

Accepted Answer

A)   tight folds
B)   strike- slip faults
C)   normal faults
D)   horsts and grabensE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 19

Crowsnest Mountain on the Lewis thrust in Alberta is an eroded thrust- outlier called a_________ .

Accepted Answer

A)   inselberg
B)   klippe
C)   fenster
D)   soul thrustE) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 20

During major earthquakes, instantaneous displacements of __________occur across pre- existing faults.

Accepted Answer

A)   a few metres
B)   a few millimetres
C)   a few kilometres
D)   a few thousand kilometresE) A) and B)
F) None of the above A

Exam 20: Mineral and Energy Resources

In detail, the elegant fold and flow patterns developed in deformed rock are achieved by_________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Name two examples of manmade construction or engineering works which require knowledge of, and adaption to, bedrock structures and associated zones of weakness?

Correct Answerverifiedbridges, hydroelectric dams, mines, nuclear power plants, pipelines, railroads, and roads

Since the San Andreas fault started moving about 29 million years ago it has moved a total distance of 560 kilometres. How many centimetres does it move per year on average?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

List two familiar substances that exhibit brittle behaviour and two other substances that exhibit ductile behaviour under ordinary strain rates (conditions).

Correct Answerverifiedbrittle: china, bone...View AnswerShow Answer

Which one of the following statements regarding rock deformation and strength is correct?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the cause of most earthquakes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Broad upwarps in the basement rock may deform the overlying sedimentary cover strata to generate large elliptical to circular folds called___________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When do rocks deform?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following is true for anticlines but not for synclines?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Great Rift Valley of East Africa is characterized by____________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When measuring the orientation of a planar structure in rocks the dip direction is measured_______________to the strike

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A______ is a prominent angular ridge formed by the differential erosion of tilted, alternating hard and soft strata.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following best describes the geology of the Black Hills region in South Dakota?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most high angle reverse faults_________ in regions dominated by other types of faulting.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

___________are the products of horizontally directed, tensional stresses.

Correct AnswerverifiedD

What are the three types of differential stress in the Earth's lithosphere?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does elastic deformation of rocks differ from brittle or plastic deformation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Belts of ____________in layered sedimentary rocks are evidence for horizontal compression and shortening.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Crowsnest Mountain on the Lewis thrust in Alberta is an eroded thrust- outlier called a_________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During major earthquakes, instantaneous displacements of __________occur across pre- existing faults.

Correct AnswerverifiedA

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bridges, hydroelectric dams, mines, nuclear power plants, pipelines, railroads, and roads

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brittle: china, bone...
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D

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A